Learn about the staging and prognosis for pleural mesothelioma.
Learn more about:
- Overview
- Staging systems for mesothelioma
- TNM staging systems for pleural mesothelioma
- Tests you may have before surgery
- Prognosis
Overview
If mesothelioma is diagnosed, you will have tests to work out the extent of the disease and if it has spread to other parts of the body. This is called staging, and helps your health care team recommend the best treatment for you.
The main tests used are a CT or a PET–CT scan. If you already had a CT or PET–CT scan during diagnosis, which showed advanced disease, a further scan may not be necessary.
Staging systems mesothelioma
Staging can be difficult for mesothelioma. Doctors use the systems described below to stage the different types of mesothelioma.
TNM staging system for pleural mesothelioma
The staging system recommended for pleural mesothelioma is the international tumour–node–metastasis or TNM staging system.
| T (tumour) 1–4 | Describes if the pleural mesothelioma has grown into the chest wall, diaphragm, lung or beyond. The higher the number, the further it has grown. If limited to the pleura on one side of the chest, it is T1. If it has grown into the lung, chest wall, ribs or diaphragm, lining of the heart or beyond, it is T2, T3 or T4. |
| N (node) 0–2 | Shows if pleural mesothelioma has spread to lymph nodes. No lymph nodes affected is N0; spread only to lymph nodes in same side of chest is N1; spread to lymph nodes in the other side or centre of chest, or in the neck, is N2 |
| M (metastasis) 0–1 | Shows if pleural mesothelioma has spread to other parts of the body. M0 means no spread to distant organs; M1 means it has spread to the bones, liver or other distant organs. |
Tests you may have before surgery
If radical surgery is being considered as a suitable treatment option (part of trimodal therapy), you may have other scans and procedures to check whether mesothelioma has spread to other areas of the body.
These tests may include:
| FDG–PET | A positron emission tomography (PET) scan detects radiation from a low-level radioactive drug that is injected into the body. In an FDG–PET, the drug used is called fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The FDG shows up areas of abnormal tissue. |
| MRI scan | A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to create detailed, cross-sectional pictures of the soft tissues in your body. The noisy, narrow machine makes some people feel anxious or claustrophobic. If you think you may become distressed, mention it beforehand to your medical team. You may be given a mild sedative to help you relax. |
| Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) | This is a type of bronchoscopy that allows the doctor to see the trachea and deep into the lung. It can also take samples of cells from a tumour or lymph nodes in the middle of your chest (mediastinum) or next to the airways, or from the outer parts of the lung. Samples of lymph nodes can help to confirm whether or not they are also affected by cancer. This can help the treatment team to work out the stage of the cancer. |
| Surgical staging | If it is unclear from the PET–CT scan whether pleural mesothelioma has spread, the surgeon may remove a sample of lymph nodes and tissue from other areas of the body to check. This is known as surgical staging. It is not recommended before a peritonectomy for peritoneal mesothelioma. |
Prognosis
Prognosis means the expected outcome of a disease. You may wish to discuss your prognosis with your doctor, but it is not possible for anyone to predict the exact course of the illness.
Mesothelioma behaves differently in different people, which will affect prognosis. The disease is often there for many months before being diagnosed at an advanced stage. After diagnosis, mesothelioma may progress quickly or more slowly. If it progresses slowly, some people may live for several years or longer.
Your doctor will consider several factors when discussing prognosis with you, including:
- the type of mesothelioma cell
- the stage
- the type of treatment you are able to have
- your symptoms, such as weight loss or pain
- your blood count – people with normal levels of blood cells usually have a better prognosis
- your overall health – recovering quickly after procedures tends to suggest a better outcome.
While knowing the stage helps doctors plan treatment, it can’t always indicate a prognosis for people with mesothelioma. This is partly because it is hard to predict how quickly mesothelioma will grow. Usually the earlier the stage, the better the prognosis. If the mesothelioma has advanced to a point where it is unlikely to respond to treatment, the priority will be to relieve symptoms and improve your quality of life (see Palliative treatment).
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All updated content has been clinically reviewed by A/Prof Anthony Linton, Medical Oncologist, Concord Cancer Centre and Concord Repatriation General Hospital, NSW; Dr Naveed Alam, Thoracic Surgeon, St Vincent’s Private Hospital Melbourne and Monash Medical Centre, VIC; Prof David Morris, Peritonectomy Surgeon, St George Hospital and UNSW, NSW. This edition is based on the previous edition, which was reviewed by the following panel: A/Prof Anthony Linton (see above); Dr Naveed Alam, (see above); Donatella Arnoldo, Consumer; Polly Baldwin, 13 11 20 Consultant, Cancer Council SA; Dr Melvin (Wee Loong) Chin, Medical Oncologist, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, WA; Prof Kwun Fong, Thoracic and Sleep Physician and Director, UQ Thoracic Research Centre, The Prince Charles Hospital, and Professor of Medicine, The University of Queensland, QLD; Vicki Hamilton OAM, Consumer and CEO, Asbestos Council of Victoria/ GARDS Inc., VIC; Dr Susan Harden, Radiation Oncologist, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, VIC; Penny Jacomos, Social Worker, Asbestos Diseases Society of South Australia, SA; Prof Brian Le, Director, Parkville Integrated Palliative Care Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, VIC; Lung Cancer Support Nurses, Lung Foundation Australia; Jocelyn McLean, Mesothelioma Support Coordinator, Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, NSW; Prof David Morris (see above); Joanne Oates, Registered Occupational Therapist, Expert Witness in Dust Diseases, and Director, Evaluate, NSW; Chris Sheppard and Adam Barlow, RMB Lawyers.
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